{"id":17958,"date":"2024-04-21T19:00:01","date_gmt":"2024-04-21T19:00:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/soicau4018.minhngocxoso.com\/?p=17958"},"modified":"2024-04-21T19:00:01","modified_gmt":"2024-04-21T19:00:01","slug":"bat-mi-bai-toan-tinh-xac-suat-trung-ve-so-sieu-chuan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/xsmbmienphi.com\/bat-mi-bai-toan-tinh-xac-suat-trung-ve-so-sieu-chuan\/","title":{"rendered":"b\u1eadt m\u00ed b\u00e0i to\u00e1n t\u00ednh x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t tr\u00fang v\u00e9 s\u1ed1 si\u00eau chu\u1ea9n"},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/p>\n\n\n
X\u1ed5 s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap Mandel \u2013 nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Rumani tr\u00fang 14 l\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eafc. V\u1eady c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc trong x\u1ed5 s\u1ed1 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ra sao?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
H\u00e3y c\u00f9ng l\u1eafng nghe nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft sau \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi v\u1ec1 b\u00ed quy\u1ebft ch\u01a1i x\u1ed5 s\u1ed1 nh\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
X\u1ed5 s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c con s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quay v\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i khi v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u201cto\u00e1n h\u1ecdc x\u1ed5 s\u1ed1\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c con s\u1ed1<\/strong> s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong m\u1ed9t k\u1ef3 m\u1edf th\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Mandel ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh khi \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u00e9 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eafc t\u1edbi 14 l\u1ea7n v\u00e0 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 Mandel m\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tin r\u1eb1ng x\u1ed5 s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nh\u1edd c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t tr\u00fang s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng h\u1ea1ng gi\u1ea3i, t\u1eebng v\u00e9 s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c ch\u01a1i chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n N\u1ebfu ch\u01a1i 2 s\u1ed1 cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a G\u0110B (Gi\u1ea3i \u0110\u1eb7c Bi\u1ec7t) th\u00ec x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t tr\u00fang l\u00e0 1% nh\u01b0ng khi \u0111\u00e1nh t\u1edbi 60 s\u1ed1 th\u00ec l\u00e0 60%, 70 s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 70%\u2026 C\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e1nh nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ec t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 n\u1ed5 c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i v\u1eabn c\u00f3 l\u00e3i khi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 tr\u1ea3 th\u01b0\u1edfng cao h\u01a1n s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n b\u1ecf ra ban \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch ch\u01a1i n\u00e0o d\u1ec5 tr\u00fang th\u00ec to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc x\u1ed5 s\u1ed1 c\u00f2n t\u00ednh to\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c c\u1eb7p \u0111\u00f4i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u1ed5 cao h\u01a1n th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1ch \u201csoi c\u1ea7u\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e1nh x\u1ed5 s\u1ed1 chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c, hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cao m\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111am m\u00ea x\u1ed5 s\u1ed1 lu\u00f4n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf th\u00ec n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta ta ch\u1ec9 tr\u00f4ng ch\u1edd v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean th\u00ec kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n t\u00ednh x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t tr\u00fang s\u1ed1 s\u1ebd gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i t\u0103ng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 may m\u1eafn tr\u00fang s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eafc t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eafc th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u1ed7i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u00fap n\u00e2ng cao t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 tr\u00fang s\u1ed1<\/strong> v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ebd cho hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1ch d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o x\u1ed5 s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean b\u1ecf qua.<\/p>\n\n\n <\/p>\n\n\n Huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i Mandel \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c m\u00e1y t\u00ednh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/strong> \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p s\u1ed1 d\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 in h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u t\u1ea5m v\u00e9 s\u1ed1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tuy nhi\u00ean c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y kh\u00f3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi x\u1ed5 s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc ta b\u1edfi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n mua v\u00e9 n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c soi c\u1ea7u, t\u00ednh x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t s\u1ebd hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 t\u0103ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n cho c\u00e1c con s\u1ed1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1ch t\u00ednh x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t tr\u00fang s\u1ed1 theo ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m soi c\u1ea7u t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea, ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u00f4m b\u1ea3ng l\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec1\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n Quy lu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn cho r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean ch\u01a1i x\u1ed5 s\u1ed1 th\u00ec c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i tr\u00fang c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i l\u1ea1i c\u1ea7n d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u1ecdn s\u1ed1<\/strong> ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n L\u00fac n\u00e0y th\u00ec ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p soi c\u1ea7u s\u1ed1 \u1edf tr\u00ean v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i ch\u01a1i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n V\u1edbi v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1nh 2 s\u1ed1 cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a G\u0110B \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u00ec x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t tr\u00fang s\u1ebd t\u0103ng<\/strong> n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta ch\u01a1i nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ed1, mua nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e9 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 quy lu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn c\u0169ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Quy lu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn theo to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00ec n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i ch\u1ecdn nu\u00f4i 1 con s\u1ed1 th\u00ec c\u1ea7n r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u ch\u00fang m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n m\u00e0 h\u1ecd b\u1ecf ra s\u1ebd v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua m\u1ee9c ti\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00ed do v\u00ec sao nh\u00e0 c\u00e1i lu\u00f4n th\u1eafng c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i lu\u00f4n thua.<\/p>\n\n\n\nV\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/strong><\/em><\/h5>\n\n\n\n
B\u00e0i to\u00e1n t\u00ednh x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t tr\u00fang v\u00e9 s\u1ed1<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
(1) Soi c\u1ea7u x\u1ed5 s\u1ed1 theo to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Soi c\u1ea7u x\u1ed5 s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh v\u00e9 s\u1ed1 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n
(2) S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng quy lu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn trong x\u1ed5 s\u1ed1<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Tuy nhi\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i c\u1ea7n xoay \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec3 mua \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ed1 v\u00e9 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/strong> th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c tr\u00fang \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eafc m\u1edbi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng.<\/h5>\n\n\n\n